Spectrally Adaptive Common Spatial Patterns

The method of Common Spatial Patterns (CSP) is widely used for feature extraction of electroencephalography (EEG) data such as in motor imagery Brain-computer Interface (BCI) systems. It is a data-driven method estimating a set of spatial filters so that the power of the filtered EEG data is maximally separated between imagery classes. This method, however, is prone to overfitting and is known to suffer from poor generalization especially with limited calibration data. On the other hand, due to the high heterogeneity in brain data and the non-stationarity of brain activity, CSP is usually trained for each user separately resulting in long calibration sessions or frequent re-calibrations that are tiring for the user. In this work, we propose a novel algorithm called Spectrally Adaptive Common Spatial Patterns (SACSP) that improves CSP by learning a temporal/spectral filter for each spatial filter so that the spatial filters are concentrated on the most relevant temporal frequencies. We show the efficacy of SACSP in motor imagery BCI in providing better generalizability and higher classification accuracy from calibration to online control compared to existing methods while providing neurophysiologically relevant information about the temporal frequencies of the filtered signals.