LOFT: Low-Rank Orthogonal Fine-Tuning via Task-Aware Support Selection

Orthogonal parameter-efficient fine-tuning adapts pretrained weights through structure-preserving multiplicative transformations, but existing methods often conflate two distinct design choices: the subspace in which adaptation occurs and the transformation applied within that subspace. This paper introduces LOFT, a low-rank orthogonal fine-tuning framework that explicitly separates these two components. By viewing orthogonal adaptation as a multiplicative subspace rotation, LOFT provides a unified formulation that recovers representative orthogonal PEFT methods, including coordinate-, butterfly-, Householder-, and principal-subspace-based variants. More importantly, this perspective exposes support selection as a central design axis rather than a byproduct of a particular parameterization. We develop a first-order analysis showing that useful adaptation supports should be informed by the downstream training signal, motivating practical gradient-informed support selection strategies. Across language understanding, visual transfer, mathematical reasoning, and multilingual out-of-distribution adaptation, LOFT recovers principal-subspace orthogonal adaptation while gradient-informed supports improve the efficiency–performance trade-off under matched parameter, memory, and transform budgets. These results suggest that principled support selection is an important direction for improving orthogonal PEFT.