BLEND: Balancing Personalization vs. Generalization in Federated Vision–Language Models

Federated vision–language models (FedVLMs) represent one of the emerging frontiers of machine learning, aiming to integrate federated learning within the fine-tuning pipelines of vision–language models (VLMs). In this work, we introduce BLEND, a new framework designed to jointly enhance the personalization and generalization capabilities of FedVLMs. BLEND proposes a selective VLM parameter fine-tuning and aggregation strategy that consists of (i) global vision and text adapters shared across clients, and (ii) a personalized vision projection adapter tailored to each client. BLEND further introduces a novel loss function that blends the outputs of the global and personalized adapters to achieve personalization, while simultaneously promoting generalization through a principled anchor design implemented via the projection heads of the zero-shot VLM. Extensive experiments demonstrate that {BLEND} consistently outperforms state-of-the-art baselines, highlighting its ability to effectively balance personalization and generalization across diverse system settings. (Code is available at: https://github.com/blendfedvlm/BLEND.git)