A Topological Encoder Decoder Framework for Temporal Graph Learning

Most temporal graph learning methods reduce future prediction to discriminative inference over past interactions, focusing on edges or node labels for a largely persistent set of nodes. This view breaks down when new nodes and edges appear, since the future graph becomes a new object with changing size, composition, and structure. We address this gap by framing temporal graph prediction as an inverse topology problem. Instead of predicting edges directly, we first predict a multiscale topological descriptor of the future graph and then reconstruct a plausible future snapshot that realizes this descriptor under inductive constraints. This approach makes global structure and node churn explicit prediction targets and produces forecasted graphs on which downstream tasks can be evaluated without retraining. Across 14 temporal graph datasets, we evaluate TopoGED on node, link and graph property prediction and compare it against state-of-the-art temporal graph models. TopoGED achieves a significant improvement in node-level forecasting accuracy over the strongest baseline, with a macro average of 0.49 versus 0.05. It also outperforms baselines in 60% of graph-structure metric evaluations and yields a substantial increase in macro-average edge prediction metrics, from near-zero to 0.12. Our results show that topology-guided graph forecasting can predict inductive future snapshots whose structure supports multiple downstream evaluations.