FairSplit: Decomposing the Embedding Space for Fair Classification

Fair classification faces a twofold challenge: maintaining high classification accuracy while limiting reliance on sensitive information. Our method FairSplit achieves this by learning a decomposition of the embedding space into a Fair Space used for prediction and a Sensitive Space that isolates sensitive information. During training, the model must simultaneously learn the classification task and separate fair from sensitive information. The Sensitive Space gives sensitive attributes a destination, so the Fair Space can be used for prediction without relying on them. This decomposition is guided via a learnable mask and the Hilbert-Schmidt Independence Criterion (HSIC) as a measure of statistical dependence. We provide theoretical guarantees showing that the demographic parity gap is upper-bounded by both (i) the learned dimensionality of the Fair Space and (ii) the HSIC between the Fair Space and sensitive attributes. FairSplit effectively handles multiclass tasks and non-binary sensitive attributes, overcoming key limitations of existing fair classification methods. Experiments on established fairness benchmarks show that FairSplit achieves competitive accuracy-fairness trade-offs.